Please make sure to check the old database, not the new one. If you checked one database and only found the default posts, please check the other database instead.
It’s not impossible of course, but extremely unlikely. Softaculous wouldn’t do this (it always creates a new database), and you’ll have to jump through hoops to do this with WordPress’ own installer.
Not really. All posts, pages and settings are stored in the database. The wp-content folder only contains plugins, themes and uploaded files. And plugins and themes are often easy enough to just reinstall. If your database was lost, and you don’t have a backup, then you cannot restore the site.